| Our National Anthem |
I was once asked to speak at a luncheon. Taking my life in my hands, I
announced I was going to sing our national anthem---all four stanzas. This was
greeted with loud groans. One man closed the door to the kitchen, where the noise
of dishes and cutlery was loud and distracting. "Thanks, Herb," I said.
"That's all right," he said. "It was at the request of the kitchen staff."
I explained the background of the anthem and then sang all four stanzas. Let
me tell you, those people had never heard it before---or had never really
listened. I got a standing ovation. But it was not me, it was the anthem.
More recently, while conducting a seminar, I told my students the story of
the anthem and sang all four stanzas. Again there was a wild ovation and
prolonged applause. And again, it was the anthem and not me.
So now let me tell you how it came to be written.
In 1812, the United States went to war with Great Britain , primarily over
freedom of the seas. We were in the right. For two years, we held off the
British, even though we were still a rather weak country. Great Britain was in a
life and death struggle with Napoleon. In fact, just as the United States
declared war, Napoleon marched off to invade Russia. If he won, as everyone
expected, he would control Europe, and Great Britain would be isolated. It was no
time for her to be involved in an American war.
At first, our seamen proved better than the British. After we won a battle on
Lake Erie in 1813, the American commander, Oliver Hazard Perry, sent the
message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." However, the weight of the
British navy beat down our ships eventually. New England, hard-hit by a
tightening blockade, threatened secession.
Meanwhile, Napoleon was beaten in Russia and in 1814 was forced to abdicate.
Great Britain now turned its attention to the United States, launching a three-
pronged attack.
The northern prong was to come down Lake Champlain toward New York and seize
parts of New England.
The southern prong was to go up the Mississippi, take New Orleans, and
paralyze the west.
The central prong was to head for the mid-Atlantic states and then attack
Baltimore, the greatest port south of New York. If Baltimore was taken, the
nation, which still hugged the Atlantic coast, could be split in two. The fate of
the United States, then, rested to a large extent on the success or failure of
the central prong.
The British reached the American coast, and on August 24, 1814, took
Washington, D.C. Then they moved up the Chesapeake Bay toward Baltimore. On
September 12, they arrived and found 1,000 men in Fort McHenry, whose guns
controlled the harbor. If the British wished to take Baltimore, they would have to
take the fort.
On one of the British ships was an aged physician, William Beanes, who had
been arrested in Maryland and brought along as a prisoner. Francis Scott Key, a
lawyer and friend of the physician, had come to the ship to negotiate his
release.
The British captain was willing, but the two Americans would have to wait. It was
now the night of September 13, and the bombardment of Fort McHenry was
about to start.
As twilight deepened, Key and Beanes saw the American flag flying over Fort
McHenry. Through the night, they heard bombs bursting and saw the red glare of
rockets. They knew the fort was resisting and the American flag was still
flying. But toward morning the bombardment ceased, and a dread silence fell.
Either Fort McHenry had surrendered and the British flag flew above it, or the
bombardment had failed and the American flag still flew.
As dawn began to brighten the eastern sky, Key and Beanes stared out at the
fort, trying to see which flag flew over it. He and the physician must have
asked each other over and over, "Can you see the flag?"
After it was all finished, Key wrote a four-stanza poem telling the events of
the night. Called "The Defense of Fort McHenry," it was published in newspapers
and swept the nation. Someone noted that the words fit an old English tune
called "To Anacreon in Heaven"---a difficult melody with an uncomfortably
large vocal range. For obvious reasons, Key's work became known as "The Star-
Spangled Banner," and in 1931 Congress declared it the official anthem of the
United States.
Now that you know the story, here are the words. Presumably, the old doctor
is speaking. This is what he asks Key:
("Ramparts," in case you don't know, are the protective walls or other
elevations that surround a fort.) The first stanza asks a question. The second gives
an answer:
"The towering steep" is, again, the ramparts. The bombardment has failed, and
the British can do nothing more but sail away, their mission a failure. In
the third stanza I feel Key allows himself to gloat over the American triumph.
In the aftermath of the bombardment, Key probably was in no mood to act
otherwise. During World War I, when the British were our staunchest allies, this
third stanza was not sung. However, I know it, so here it is:
(The fourth stanza, a pious hope for the future, should be sung more slowly
than the other three and with even deeper feeling):
I hope you will look at the national anthem with new eyes. Listen to it, the
next time you have a chance, with new ears. Pay attention to the words. And
don't let anyone ever take it away...not even one word of it.
announced I was going to sing our national anthem---all four stanzas. This was
greeted with loud groans. One man closed the door to the kitchen, where the noise
of dishes and cutlery was loud and distracting. "Thanks, Herb," I said.
"That's all right," he said. "It was at the request of the kitchen staff."
I explained the background of the anthem and then sang all four stanzas. Let
me tell you, those people had never heard it before---or had never really
listened. I got a standing ovation. But it was not me, it was the anthem.
More recently, while conducting a seminar, I told my students the story of
the anthem and sang all four stanzas. Again there was a wild ovation and
prolonged applause. And again, it was the anthem and not me.
So now let me tell you how it came to be written.
In 1812, the United States went to war with Great Britain , primarily over
freedom of the seas. We were in the right. For two years, we held off the
British, even though we were still a rather weak country. Great Britain was in a
life and death struggle with Napoleon. In fact, just as the United States
declared war, Napoleon marched off to invade Russia. If he won, as everyone
expected, he would control Europe, and Great Britain would be isolated. It was no
time for her to be involved in an American war.
At first, our seamen proved better than the British. After we won a battle on
Lake Erie in 1813, the American commander, Oliver Hazard Perry, sent the
message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." However, the weight of the
British navy beat down our ships eventually. New England, hard-hit by a
tightening blockade, threatened secession.
Meanwhile, Napoleon was beaten in Russia and in 1814 was forced to abdicate.
Great Britain now turned its attention to the United States, launching a three-
pronged attack.
The northern prong was to come down Lake Champlain toward New York and seize
parts of New England.
The southern prong was to go up the Mississippi, take New Orleans, and
paralyze the west.
The central prong was to head for the mid-Atlantic states and then attack
Baltimore, the greatest port south of New York. If Baltimore was taken, the
nation, which still hugged the Atlantic coast, could be split in two. The fate of
the United States, then, rested to a large extent on the success or failure of
the central prong.
The British reached the American coast, and on August 24, 1814, took
Washington, D.C. Then they moved up the Chesapeake Bay toward Baltimore. On
September 12, they arrived and found 1,000 men in Fort McHenry, whose guns
controlled the harbor. If the British wished to take Baltimore, they would have to
take the fort.
On one of the British ships was an aged physician, William Beanes, who had
been arrested in Maryland and brought along as a prisoner. Francis Scott Key, a
lawyer and friend of the physician, had come to the ship to negotiate his
release.
The British captain was willing, but the two Americans would have to wait. It was
now the night of September 13, and the bombardment of Fort McHenry was
about to start.
As twilight deepened, Key and Beanes saw the American flag flying over Fort
McHenry. Through the night, they heard bombs bursting and saw the red glare of
rockets. They knew the fort was resisting and the American flag was still
flying. But toward morning the bombardment ceased, and a dread silence fell.
Either Fort McHenry had surrendered and the British flag flew above it, or the
bombardment had failed and the American flag still flew.
As dawn began to brighten the eastern sky, Key and Beanes stared out at the
fort, trying to see which flag flew over it. He and the physician must have
asked each other over and over, "Can you see the flag?"
After it was all finished, Key wrote a four-stanza poem telling the events of
the night. Called "The Defense of Fort McHenry," it was published in newspapers
and swept the nation. Someone noted that the words fit an old English tune
called "To Anacreon in Heaven"---a difficult melody with an uncomfortably
large vocal range. For obvious reasons, Key's work became known as "The Star-
Spangled Banner," and in 1931 Congress declared it the official anthem of the
United States.
Now that you know the story, here are the words. Presumably, the old doctor
is speaking. This is what he asks Key:
- Oh! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof thru' the night that our flag was still there.
Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
("Ramparts," in case you don't know, are the protective walls or other
elevations that surround a fort.) The first stanza asks a question. The second gives
an answer:
- On the shore, dimly seen thru' the mist of the deep
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep.
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream
'Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
"The towering steep" is, again, the ramparts. The bombardment has failed, and
the British can do nothing more but sail away, their mission a failure. In
the third stanza I feel Key allows himself to gloat over the American triumph.
In the aftermath of the bombardment, Key probably was in no mood to act
otherwise. During World War I, when the British were our staunchest allies, this
third stanza was not sung. However, I know it, so here it is:
- And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
(The fourth stanza, a pious hope for the future, should be sung more slowly
than the other three and with even deeper feeling):
- Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
between their loved homes and the war's desolation,
Blest with victory and peace, may the Heaven-rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, for our cause is just,
And this be our motto---"In God is our trust."
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
I hope you will look at the national anthem with new eyes. Listen to it, the
next time you have a chance, with new ears. Pay attention to the words. And
don't let anyone ever take it away...not even one word of it.
| NO REFUGE COULD SAVE by Dr. Isaac Asimov (thanks to Dewey for sharing) |
| Aerial Photo of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. For more info: www.ce.jhu.edu/mdcive/fortmchenry.htm, www.publicsafety.net/flag.htm, www.nps.gov/fomc |
| Music is by the U.S. Army Band. |